---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Seema Sapra <seema.sapra@googlemail.com>
Date: Sun, Dec 25, 2016 at 4:05 PM
Subject: General Electric Company whistleblower Seema Sapra being poisoned and targeted by Delhi Police - re SEC Complaint TCR1439646785831
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Cc: Seema Sapra <seema.sapra@gmail.com>, Seema Sapra <seemasapra@hotmail.com>
From: Seema Sapra <seema.sapra@googlemail.com>
Date: Sun, Dec 25, 2016 at 4:05 PM
Subject: General Electric Company whistleblower Seema Sapra being poisoned and targeted by Delhi Police - re SEC Complaint TCR1439646785831
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<embassy@portugal-india.com>, naresh.trehan@medanta.org
Cc: Seema Sapra <seema.sapra@gmail.com>, Seema Sapra <seemasapra@hotmail.com>
My new blog post titled "The Supreme Court's incorrect ruling on new beards for Muslim men in the Air Force & on how the law could evolve" at http://seemasapra.blogspot.in/2016/12/the-wrong-decision-of-supreme-court-on.html and http://seemasapralaw.blogspot.in/2016/12/the-wrong-decision-of-supreme-court-on.html is reproduced below.
I have also posted new pictures of me at http://seemasapra.blogspot.in/2016/12/pictures-dated-22-december-2016-of.html
Meanwhile I continue to be targeted because of my whistleblowing activity regarding corruption by General Electric Company in India.
Seema Sapra
General Electric Company whistleblower
"Read the judgment dated 15 December 2016 in Mohammed Zubair's case where the Supreme Court has ruled that the Indian Air Force was justified in disallowing a Muslim man to keep a beard and in discharging him for persisting in keeping a beard without permission.
Interesting question. Reading news reports on this decision, my first thought was that the Supreme Court reached the correct factual conclusion in this case. Regulation 425 talks about a religion prohibiting the cutting/ shaving of facial hair. Now while Sikhism does prohibit this, Islam does not. The majority of Sikh men retain facial hair while the majority of Muslim men shave it. This is a fact. The fact that this dispute arose in a military context is also important. Joining the military does make military regulations paramount over several individual rights which might not happen in normal civilian life.
However after going through the judgment itself, it is clear that the issue before the court was more complicated.
Regulation 425 is from 1964. It reads:
"425. Growth of Hair etc. by Air Force Personnel.
(a) Except as in sub para (b), the hair of the head will be kept neatly cut and trimmed. The hair of airman under detention/sentence will be cut no shorter than is customary/ throughout the service except on medical advice and except where on an application made by the airman he has been permitted to keep long hair. Face will be clean shaven. Whiskers and moustaches, if worn will be moderate length.
(b) Personnel whose religion prohibits the cutting of the hair or shaving of the face of its members will be permitted to grow hair or retain beard. However, such hair and/ or beards will be kept clean, properly dressed and will not be removed except on medical grounds or on application duly approved".
The Air Force has clarified on the interpretation and enforcement of this regulation in several communications which the SC calls "policy" documents. Thus in 1980, in 1982, and in 1999, the Air Force expressly stated that Regulation 425 applied to Muslims who wanted to sport beards. Muslim men could maintain beards if they had them at the time of enrollment or if they were given express permission after an application to maintain a beard.
In 2003 when the BJP led NDA was in power, the previous policy was revised.
The new 2003 policy allowed Sikhs to sport beards. Muslim men could only maintain beards if they had them "at the time of commissioning/ enrolment prior to 01 Jan 2002" The new policy stated "Muslims who have grown beard after joining service should shave off the beard."
A clarification was later issued in 2003 stating that Muslim men who had received prior permission could also keep their beards. And Muslim men who had beards at the time of enrollment could also keep these.
The effect of the policy seems to be that with effect from 9 June 2003, Muslim men cannot ask for or receive permission to grow new beards.
It is unclear if bearded Muslim men can enlist after this date. I would think they can.
Muhammed Zubair joined the Air Force in 2001 without a beard. In 2005, he asked the Air Force for permission to sport a beard on the ground that he was a Muslim. This permission was denied. He refused to shave his beard and was eventually discharged by the Air Force. He was before the Supreme Court challenging this action of the Air Force.
The Supreme Court does not really address the issues that arise from the above. The judgment skirts these issues by saying that regulation 425 prevails over "policy" documents and that the latest policy from 2003 would prevail. The Supreme Court also suggests that the reason for the change in policy in 2003 was to ensure that enlisted men could be identified so as to prevent infiltration.
What the Supreme Court failed to consider is whether it is unequal and arbitrary to allow some Muslim Air Force personnel to sport beards on religious grounds while denying other Muslim air force personnel the right to do the same.
The issue of the need to identify air force personnel can be addressed in other ways as the judgment itself notes and that alone cannot justify this arbitrariness.
And coming to the sentence in the judgment that Gautam Bhatia singles out as being an incorrect statement of law: "Regulations and policies in regard to personal appearance are not intended to discriminate against religious beliefs nor do they have the effect of doing so." The Supreme court appears to be referring specifically to the 1964 regulation 425 though in the very next sentence the Court opens this up by referring to more broadly "every armed force of the Union". So Bhatia's criticism is valid.
The very next sentence is also a weak spot in the reasoning of the Court. It states: "Their object and purpose is to ensure uniformity, cohesiveness, discipline and order which are indispensable to the Air Force, as indeed to every armed force of the Union."
Now the very fact that the Air Force permitted Muslim Men before 2003 to decide to sport new beards subject to permission, and that the Air Force continues to allow some Muslim men to sport beards even today, the reasoning of the court that other Muslim men cannot sport new beards because this would interfere with the "uniformity, cohesiveness, discipline and order which are indispensable to the Air Force" is faulty.
So after reading the complete judgment, I revised my first uninformed opinion that the matter had been correctly decided. The decision appears to be wrong.
In paragraph 10 of the judgment, the Supreme Court appears to suggest that Islam does not mandate a prohibition on the cutting or shaving of facial hair. The court also states that Mohammed Zubair failed to establish his own religious belief that shaving his facial hair was prohibited. While Islam might not mandate beards for men like Sikhism does (see Are beards obligatory for devout Muslim men?
and The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one ), Mohammed Zubair did seem to come around to the belief that his religion required him to keep a beard and this belief was certainly important enough for him to enter into prolonged litigation with the Air Force (his employer) and for him to refuse to shave his beard even at the risk and ultimate consequence of discharge from the Air Force. Further as argued above, the Air Force itself until 2003 permitted Muslim men to retain and/or sport new beards and even after 2003 still permits Muslim men to retain old beards, on the basis that these beards were/are part of religious beliefs. And as argued earlier, the issue before the court was also one of discrimination between two separate classes of Muslim men enlisted in the Air Force.
Finally the discussion in paragraph 10 of the Supreme Court's decision in this case is also interesting because it touches upon the Court's evolving jurisprudence on the 'essential religious practices test' and the issue of community based claims versus individual based claims to religious practices and beliefs. This distinction will be eventually important for how the Supreme Court continues to resolve the issues arising from potential conflicts between two distinct fundamental rights - the fundamental right to practice religion and the fundamental right to manage religious affairs. Until recently, the Supreme Court's jurisprudence on the right to religion was primarily centered on a community based perspective. However this distinction between community based claims and individual based claims to religious practices and beliefs has more recently assumed significance before the Supreme Court in litigation where an individual challenges/ rejects a community imposed religious practice and/or seeks to enforce his/her fundamental right to practice religion against the community's right to manage religious affairs. The Sabarimala, Haji Ali and triple talaq cases are interesting examples of such conflicts between individual/s and their religious communities viewed as a monolith. (In reality, religious communities are also often fragmented into factions on important issues that impact people's rights). Another interesting situation of such conflict would be the concept of excommunication. Can the concept of excommunication survive if the Court were to uphold an individual's right to practice his/ her religion according to the individual's own conscience. This is the direction that progressive thinking might lead to – that an individual's right to practice his/her religion according to the individual's own conscience must prevail over community dictated religious practices, with the caveat however that the individual cannot in this freedom claim a right say, to desecrate a temple. And with the further caveat (in the context of the Sabarimala and Haji Ali litigation) that women entering public places of worship cannot be viewed as desecrating those places."
Read below my curriculum vitae until before I ended up as a whistle-blower after working for General Electric in India briefly in 2010
Contact details
Twitter @SeemaSapraLaw
My other blogs
For more on General Electric corruption in India in connection with the Indian Rail tenders for the proposed diesel locomotive factory at Marhowra and the proposed electric locomotive factory at Madhepura, see
http://generalelectric-seccomplaint.blogspot.in/ Whistleblower SEC complaint TCR1439646785831 against General Electric Company
http://generalelectricfakeauthoritydocs.blogspot.in/ Fake Authority Docs for General Electric Company filed in Delhi High Court
http://geimpersonationfraud.blogspot.in/ General Electric substituted fake representative/ signatory in Indian corruption legal case
http://geindiafakeauthoritydocs.blogspot.in/ Fake Authority Docs for GE India Industrial Private Limited filed in Delhi High Court
http://generalelectricforgery.blogspot.in/ General Electric forged Kazakhstan Rail customer cert for India Marhowra rail tender
http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/ evidence of attempts to eliminate Seema Sapra, General Electric Company whistleblower in India
http://gecorruption.blogspot.in/ FCPA alert- General Electric paid bribes to Indian public officials using third party contractor - Aartech Consultants India Private Limited
http://gemarhowracorruption.blogspot.in/ Corruption by PwC and General Electric Company in Marhowra diesel locomotive factory Project
http://gemarhowracorruptionpart2.blogspot.in/ Shakeel Ahmed, Indian Rail official corruptly vetted GE 2008 bid documents for Marhowra Project
http://gecorruptionpart2.blogspot.in/ General Electric corruptly obtained Indian Rail Marhowra Project bid docs before they were public
http://gecorruptionpart3.blogspot.in/ Wikileaks US Embassy cables on creation of Marhowra loco factory Project for General Electric
http://gecorruptionpart4.blogspot.in/ General Electric corruption & fraud to avoid mandatory disclosures in India tender
http://gecorruptionpart5.blogspot.in/ #FCPA Why is General Electric bidding for India electric loco tender which it does not manufacture
http://gemoneylaundering.blogspot.in/ Money laundering by General Electric using NDTV in India
http://propagandaoutfitlegallyindia.blogspot.in/ Clifford Chance funded Kian Ganz & Legally India website target General Electric whistleblower
http://seemasapra.blogspot.com/ Seema Sapra - General Electric corruption whistle-blower: the Truth prevails
http://seemasapralaw.blogspot.in/ Fair Comment on Law, Justice and other Stuff
http://seemasaprapictures.blogspot.in/ Pictures of General Electric Company whistleblower Seema Sapra
http://solisorabjeealert.blogspot.in/ - Seema Sapra's sexual harassment complaint against former Attorney General of India Soli J. Sorabjee
http://seemasapralegal.blogspot.in/ General Electric Company whistleblower Seema Sapra being targeted in Delhi High Court
http://writpetitionrecordinwp1280of2012.blogspot.in/ - Court Record in Seema Sapra's whistle-blower corruption case against General Electric Company
http://monteksinghahluwalia-alert.blogspot.com/ - Montek Singh Ahluwalia - an American spy and economic hit-man
http://sureshprabhu-alert.blogspot.in/ - The Scams, Corruption, Conflict of Interest & Benami Companies of Suresh Prabhu
Work Experience
Legal Counsel for GE Transportation India in Delhi (2010 – 5 months)
Consultant to Microsoft India on Innovation & IP law and policy - 2009-2010 in Delhi (approx. six months)
Visiting fellow at Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi, 2008-2009, working on trade policy, climate change and energy policy
Director – Trade & Policy, at Delhi office of law firm Amarchand Mangaldas, Suresh A. Shroff & Co, 2008. Worked on trade policy, competition policy, nuclear policy, investment policy, India's comprehensive economic cooperation agreements, anti-dumping.
Visiting Fellow at the Institute of International Economic Law, Georgetown University Law Center in Washington DC 2004-2005, worked on trade and investment policy and law
Assisted GE India General Counsel, Ruby Anand as off-counsel from approx. 1999 till 2001
Associate in the office of Soli J Sorabjee, Attorney General of India, 2000-2001
Empaneled lawyer for the Government of India in the Supreme Court of India and the High Court of Delhi in 1999-2001
Lawyer with the litigation law firm of M/s Karanjawala & Co. in New Delhi, 1995-2000
Extensive litigation experience in the Supreme Court of India, the High Court of Delhi, and various special tribunals.
Policy expertise
International Trade
Bilateral and regional trade agreements
Investment policy, bilateral investment treaties
Climate change and sustainable development
Energy efficiency and climate change
Innovation policy, technology transfer and intellectual property
Competition policy
Teaching Experience
LLM tutor for the World Trade Law joint course at University College London and the School of Oriental and African Studies (2007)
Contract law tutor for 1st Year LLB at the University of Westminster, School of Law as a part-time visiting lecturer (2007)
Guest lectures for the LLM program at Kings College London and University of Leicester law school
Education
PhD studies at Kings College London 2003-2007 (not completed)
Title of proposed thesis: The Place, Treatment, and Meaning of Development in the WTO
Research supervisor - Professor Piet Eeckhout, Kings College London
3 year research fellowship by the Centre for European Law, Kings College London
LLM in Public International Law with distinction at the University of Leicester, 2001-2003
British Chevening scholar
LLB from the Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi - Ist Division. 1995
Diploma in Environmental Law from the Centre for Environmental Law, WWF-India -1994-1995
B. A. Honors in English Literature from St Stephen's College, University of Delhi - 1992
Editorial Assistant for the Journal of International Economic law, 2004-2005 based at Georgetown University Law Center, Washington DC
Internship with the United Nations Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha, Tanzania 2002-2003
Publications
Article titled "Sustainable Development and the role of the Indian Supreme Court", ASERI (Milan) publication, 2009
Article titled "An Agenda for Teaching International Economic Law in Indian Law Schools", Indian Journal of International Economic Law, 2009, National Law School, Bangalore
Article titled "The WTO System of Trade Governance: The Stale NGO Debate and the Appropriate Role for Non-state actors" in Oregon Review of International Law Journal, volume 11 issue 1, 2009
Chapter titled 'Domestic Politics and the Search for a New Social Purpose of Governance for the WTO: A Proposal for a Declaration on Domestic Consultation' in Debra Steger (ed.) Redesigning the World Trade Organization for the Twenty-first Century, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2009
Chapter titled 'New Agendas for International Economic Law Teaching in India: Including an Agenda in Support of Reform' in Colin B. Picker, Isabella Bunn & Douglas Arner, (ed.) INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW - THE STATE & FUTURE OF THE DISCIPLINE, Hart Publishing, 2008
'Ideas of Embedded Liberalism and Current and Future Challenges for the WTO', in Ortino and Ripinsky, WTO Law and Process, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2007. pg 330 - 352
Development: Its Place, Treatment, and Meaning at the WTO / Seema Sapra (2006). In: Proceedings of the American Society of International Law Annual Meeting, Vol. 100, pg 223-226
Papers / Conferences
Presented paper titled "An Indian perspective on sustainable development: the role of the Indian higher judiciary" at panel discussion at ASERI, Milan in December 2008
Panelist for EDGE network panel on WTO Institutional Reform at the Inaugural conference of the Society for International Economic Law, Geneva, 15-17 July 2008
Presented paper titled "Developing Countries and Outreach to Non-State Actors in the WTO", at an EDGE network project workshop on WTO institutional reform in March 2008 at Centre for International Governance Innovation, Waterloo, Ontario.
Presented paper titled "The Case for International Economic Law Teaching in India: Possible Agendas Including an Agenda in Support of Reform" at the Annual Conference of the International Economic Law Interest Group of the American Society of International Law at Bretton Woods in November, 2006
Panelist at the sixth Annual WTO Conference hosted by the British Institute of International and Comparative Law in May 2006, on the topic "Doha Development Round: Current and Future Challenges"
Presented paper titled "Development - Its Place, Treatment and Meaning at the WTO" at the 100th Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, Washington D.C. 2006.
Presented paper titled "Special and Differential Treatment in international trade law" at the Institute of International Economic Law (IIEL), Georgetown University Law Center in September 2005
Presented paper titled "Constructivism and Special and Differential Treatment in international trade law" at the 2005 conference of the International Law Association, British Branch held at Edinburgh in May 2005
Memberships
Bar Council of Delhi
Society of International Economic Law
Asian WTO Research Network
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