---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Seema Sapra <seema.sapra@googlemail.com>
Date: Tue, Feb 16, 2016 at 4:57 PM
Subject: A closer reading of the Supreme Court of India decision in Kedar Nath Singh vs State of Bihar (1962) on the offence of sedition defined in Section 124A IPC
To: pmosb <pmosb@gov.in>, Amit Shah <amitshah.bjp@gmail.com>, Sanjay Jain <sanjayjain.chamber@gmail.com>, "director@aiims.ac.in" <director@aiims.ac.in>, lggc.delhi@nic.in, "rg.dhc@nic.in" <rg.dhc@nic.in>, Bhim Sain Bassi <cp.bsbassi@nic.in>, joe.kaeser@siemens.com, dch@nic.in, "splcp-vigilance-dl@nic.in" <splcp-vigilance-dl@nic.in>, "splcp-crime-dl@nic.in" <splcp-crime-dl@nic.in>, jtcp-cr-dl@nic.in, "jtcp-nr-dl@nic.in" <jtcp-nr-dl@nic.in>, jtcp-ser-dl@nic.in, jtcp-swr-dl@nic.in, "jtcp-phq-dl@nic.in" <jtcp-phq-dl@nic.in>, jtcp-ga-dl@nic.in, "jtcpt_dtp@nic.in" <jtcpt_dtp@nic.in>, "jtcp-crime-dl@nic.in" <jtcp-crime-dl@nic.in>, jtcp-splcell-dl@nic.in, jtcp-sec-dl@nic.in, "jcpsec@rb.nic.in" <jcpsec@rb.nic.in>, "addlcp-eow-dl@nic.in" <addlcp-eow-dl@nic.in>, jtcp-vigilance-dl@nic.in, jtcp-sb-dl@nic.in, addlcp-crime-dl@nic.in, "addlcpt-dtp@nic.in" <addlcpt-dtp@nic.in>, "addlcp-caw-dl@nic.in" <addlcp-caw-dl@nic.in>, dcp-west-dl@nic.in, addlcp-se-dl@nic.in, "dcp-southwest-dl@nic.in" 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Cc: Seema Sapra <seema.sapra@gmail.com>, Seema Sapra <seemasapra@hotmail.com>
From: Seema Sapra <seema.sapra@googlemail.com>
Date: Tue, Feb 16, 2016 at 4:57 PM
Subject: A closer reading of the Supreme Court of India decision in Kedar Nath Singh vs State of Bihar (1962) on the offence of sedition defined in Section 124A IPC
To: pmosb <pmosb@gov.in>, Amit Shah <amitshah.bjp@gmail.com>, Sanjay Jain <sanjayjain.chamber@gmail.com>, "director@aiims.ac.in" <director@aiims.ac.in>, lggc.delhi@nic.in, "rg.dhc@nic.in" <rg.dhc@nic.in>, Bhim Sain Bassi <cp.bsbassi@nic.in>, joe.kaeser@siemens.com, dch@nic.in, "splcp-vigilance-dl@nic.in" <splcp-vigilance-dl@nic.in>, "splcp-crime-dl@nic.in" <splcp-crime-dl@nic.in>, jtcp-cr-dl@nic.in, "jtcp-nr-dl@nic.in" <jtcp-nr-dl@nic.in>, jtcp-ser-dl@nic.in, jtcp-swr-dl@nic.in, "jtcp-phq-dl@nic.in" <jtcp-phq-dl@nic.in>, jtcp-ga-dl@nic.in, "jtcpt_dtp@nic.in" <jtcpt_dtp@nic.in>, "jtcp-crime-dl@nic.in" <jtcp-crime-dl@nic.in>, jtcp-splcell-dl@nic.in, jtcp-sec-dl@nic.in, "jcpsec@rb.nic.in" <jcpsec@rb.nic.in>, "addlcp-eow-dl@nic.in" <addlcp-eow-dl@nic.in>, jtcp-vigilance-dl@nic.in, jtcp-sb-dl@nic.in, addlcp-crime-dl@nic.in, "addlcpt-dtp@nic.in" <addlcpt-dtp@nic.in>, "addlcp-caw-dl@nic.in" <addlcp-caw-dl@nic.in>, dcp-west-dl@nic.in, addlcp-se-dl@nic.in, "dcp-southwest-dl@nic.in" 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Cc: Seema Sapra <seema.sapra@gmail.com>, Seema Sapra <seemasapra@hotmail.com>
Poisonous and toxic chemical fumes are being released into the B&B room I am at since this morning again. It is now 16.53 pm today and I continue to be so poisoned.
I continue to be acutely and chronically poisoned because of General Electric Company. Jeffrey Immelt, Alexander Dimitrief, Bradford Berenson and Jeffrey Eglash are responsible for my being poisoned.
State agents and the Police are involved in poisoning me and in ongoing attempts to eliminate me.
I once again request that the US Government provide me with witness protection.
I reproduce below an article by me titled - A closer reading of the Supreme Court of India decision in Kedar Nath Singh vs State of Bihar (1962) on the offence of sedition defined in Section 124A IPC
Seema Sapra
General Electric Company whistleblower
Please see my tweets at @SeemaSapraLaw
A closer reading of the Supreme Court of India decision in Kedar Nath Singh vs State of Bihar (1962) on the offence of sedition defined in Section 124A IPC
by Seema Sapra
In light of the apparent misuse of the law of sedition by the Delhi Police in the JNU slogan shouting incidents, a closer look at the essential ingredients of the crime of sedition under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code as clarified by the Supreme Court of India in Kedar Nath Singh vs State of Bihar (1962) is needed.
This 1962 case was the first time that the Supreme Court had to consider the legality of the colonial law on sedition (Section 124A IPC which was enacted in 1870) in post independent India and in the context of the newly created fundamental right to free speech under Article 19. Both Section 124A and Section 505 IPC were under challenge as unconstitutional in the light of Article 19.
Bound to deal with precedent (even if the earlier cases were from the colonial era) the Supreme Court was faced with two directly conflicting interpretations of Section 124A. The Federal Court in Niharendu Dutt's case had interpreted Section 124A in alignment with British law on sedition and held that a tendency to disturb public order was an essential element of the offence under s. 124A. On the other hand, a line of cases including the sedition case of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and culminating in the Privy Council decision in the case of King-Emperor v. Sadashiv Narayan Bhalerao had held that incitement to violence or a tendency to disturb public order was not a necessary ingredient of the offence under s. 124A.
The offence of sedition is an offence against the State. As understood in England the crime of sedition fell short of actual treason, and did not involve the actual use of force or violence.The following passage from the address to the Jury by Fitzerald, J., in the case of Reg v. Alexander Martin Sullivan is useful to understand the meaning of the crime of sedition as it was understood under the British Empire.
"Sedition is a crime against society, nearly allied to that of treason, and it frequently precedes treason by short interval. Sedition in itself is a comprehensive term, and it embraces all those practices, whether by word, deed or writing, which are calculated to disturb the tranquility of the State, and lead ignorant persons to endeavour to subvert the Government and the laws of the empire. The objects of sedition generally are to induce discontent and insurrection and stir up opposition to the Government, and bring the administration of justice into contempt; and the very tendency of sedition is to incite the people to insurrection and rebellion. Sedition has been described, as disloyalty in action and the law considers as sedition all those practices which have for their object to excite discontent or dissatisfaction, to create public disturbance, or to lead to civil war; to bring into hatred or contempt the Sovereign or the Government, the laws or constitution of the realm, and generally all endeavours to promote public disorder."
In Kedar Nath Singh, the Supreme Court noted that Article 19(2) of the Constitution which carves out the right of the legislature to impose reasonable restrictions on the fundamental right to free speech guaranteed under Article 19(1) was amended in 1951 to include public order as a result of the 1950 cases of Romesh Thappar v. The State of Madras and Brij Bhushan v. The State of Delhi.
So in Kedar Nath Singh, the question before the Supreme Court was as to the constitutionality of s. 124A and s. 505 of the Indian Penal Code under Article 19(2) with particular reference to security of the State and public order, both of which find mention in that Article.
In its analysis of Section 124A, the Supreme Court in Kedar Nath Singh first noted that the words "Government established by law" were not a reference to "the person's for the time being engaged in carrying on the administration" but referred to the Government as the visible symbol of the State. The Supreme Court clarified that the crime of sedition was a crime against the State and was intended to protect the very existence of the State. The purpose of the crime of sedition was to prevent the Government established by law from being subverted because "the continued existence of the Government established by law is an essential condition of the stability of the State".
The passage which follows is the most important passage in the Supreme Court decision in Kedar Nath Singh and contains the ratio decidendi of the case.
"Hence any acts within the meaning of s. 124A which have the effect of subverting the Government by bringing that Government into contempt or hatred, or creating disaffection against it, would be within the penal statute because the feeling of disloyalty to the Government established by law or enmity to it imports the idea of tendency to public disorder by the use of actual violence or incitement to violence. In other words, any written or spoken words, etc., which have implicit in them the idea of subverting Government by violent means, which are compendiously included in the term 'revolution', have been made penal by the section in question."
As the above passage notes, according to the Supreme Court the essence of the crime of sedition requires acts which are intended to have the "effect of subverting the Government" by violent means.
In Kedar Nath Singh, the Supreme Court also clarified what is not sedition. Thus it clarified that mere "strong words used to express disapprobation of the measures of Government with a view to their improvement or alteration by lawful means" is not sedition.
It clarified that "comments, however strongly worded, expressing disapprobation of actions of the Government, without exciting those feelings which generate the inclination to cause public disorder by acts of violence" is not sedition.
It clarified that "commenting in strong terms upon the measures or acts of Government, or its agencies, so as to ameliorate the condition of the people or to secure the cancellation or alteration of those acts or measures by lawful means, that is to say, without exciting those feelings of enmity and disloyalty which imply excitement to public disorder or the use of violence" is not sedition.
The Supreme Court clarified that a "citizen has a right to say or write whatever he likes about the Government, or its measures, by way of criticism or comment, so long as he does not incite people to violence against the Government established by law or with the intention of creating public disorder." Note the use of the "whatever" here.
As a result, the Supreme Court expressly sided with the interpretation of sedition by the Federal Court in Niharendu Dutt and stressed that "incitement to violence or the tendency or the intention to create public disorder" was also an essential ingredient of the offence of sedition. The Supreme Court expressly rejected a literal interpretation of Section 124A. It also expressly rejected the Privy Council interpretation which did not require the prosecution to establish "incitement to violence or the tendency or the intention to create public disorder" as an essential ingredient of the offence of sedition. The Supreme Court justified this stand by pointing out that the crime of sedition was a crime against "the security of the State, which depends upon the maintenance of law and order" and that acts (spoken words) which did not have the "tendency to disorder or intention to create disturbance of law and order" would not amount to sedition even if such acts/ words "create disaffection or feelings of enmity against the Government". In order to leave no doubt as to its ruling, the Supreme Court further stated that section 124A hits only those "activities as would be intended, or have a tendency, to create disorder or disturbance of public peace by resort to violence". The Kedar Nath ruling later refers to this as acts "involving intention or tendency to create disorder, or disturbance of law and order, or incitement to violence."
The Supreme Court supported its interpretation of Section 124A by stating that the alternative interpretation would render the provision unconstitutional under Article 19 (1) and (2).
So to summarize, the Supreme Court has stated that Section 124A cannot be interpreted literally. The two essential ingredients required to establish the crime of sedition under Section 124A are
(i) the acts complained of must be intended to have the "effect of subverting the Government" by violent means; and
(ii) the acts complained of must be intended, or have a tendency, to create disorder or disturbance of public peace/ law and order by resort to violence and must incite violence.
Therefore, mere slogan shouting against the State or the Government established by law which is not intended to have the "effect of subverting the Government" by violent means; and which is not intended to, nor has the tendency, to create disorder or disturbance of public peace/ law and order by resort to violence; and which does not incite violence will not amount to the crime of sedition under section 124A.
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For more on General Electric corruption in India in connection with the Indian Rail tenders for the proposed diesel locomotive factory at Marhowra and the proposed electric locomotive factory at Madhepura, see
http://generalelectricfakeauthoritydocs.blogspot.in/ Fake Authority Docs for General Electric Company filed in Delhi High Court
http://geimpersonationfraud.blogspot.in/ General Electric substituted fake representative/ signatory in Indian corruption legal case
http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/ evidence of attempts to eliminate Seema Sapra, General Electric Company whistleblower in India
http://gecorruption.blogspot.in/ FCPA alert- General Electric paid bribes to Indian public officials using third party contractor - Aartech Consultants India Private Limited
http://gemarhowracorruption.blogspot.in/ The PwC & Vinod Sharma conflict of interest & GE corruption in Marhowra Project
http://gemarhowracorruptionpart2.blogspot.in/ Shakeel Ahmed, Indian Rail official corruptly vetted GE 2008 bid documents for Marhowra Project
http://gecorruptionpart2.blogspot.in/ General Electric corruptly obtained Indian Rail Marhowra Project bid docs before they were public
http://gecorruptionpart3.blogspot.in/ Wikileaks US Embassy cables on creation of Marhowra loco factory Project for General Electric
http://gecorruptionpart4.blogspot.in/ General Electric corruption & fraud to avoid mandatory disclosures in India tender
http://gecorruptionpart5.blogspot.in/ #FCPA Why is General Electric bidding for India electric loco tender which it does not manufacture
http://gemoneylaundering.blogspot.in/ Money laundering by General Electric using NDTV in India
http://seemasapra.blogspot.com/ Seema Sapra - General Electric corruption whistle-blower: the Truth prevails
evidence of attempts to eliminate Seema Sapra, General Electric Company whistleblower in India
Attempt at thyroid cancer false diagnosis targeting General Electric whistleblower Seema Saprahttp://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/attempt-at-thyroid-cancer-false.html
Dr S K Das of Max Healthcare attempted to poison Seema Sapra, General Electric whistleblower complaining of poisoning by prescribing Haloperidol as a sleeping aid in August 2011http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/dr-s-k-das-of-max-healthcare-attempted.html
Dr Anuj Malhotra of Fortis Hospital deliberately dislocated the left ankle of General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra on 9 June 2014 in an attempt to force her into surgery as part of attempts to eliminate her http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/02/dr-anuj-malhotra-of-fortis-hospital.html
Max Hospitals covered up poisoning complaint & clinical poisoning symptoms including abnormal heart ECG with rightward axis in General Electric whistleblower Seema Saprahttp://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/max-hospitals-covered-up-poisoning.html
Max Healthcare Hospitals covered up poisoning complaint & clinical poisoning symptoms including abnormalities in blood haemogram in General Electric whistleblower Seema Saprahttp://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/max-hospitals-covered-up-poisoning_31.html
Jayanand Kinnattinkaryail, Regional Security Director for General Electric in India made false police complaint against GE whistleblower Seema Sapra in 2013 http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/jayanand-kinnattinkaryail-regional.html
Delhi Police assault on General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra at Oberoi Maidens Hotel on 23 June 2014 http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/02/police-assault-on-general-electric.html
Evidence that Delhi Police Inspector Ajay Gupta falsified police records against General Electric Company whistleblower Seema Sapra in June 2013 after facilitating attacks on her as SHO of Tughlaq Road Police Station http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/02/evidence-that-delhi-police-inspector.html
Fraudulent and False Status Report filed by Delhi Police in General Electric Company corruption litigation in Delhi High Court targeting whistleblower Seema Sapra http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/02/fraudulent-and-false-status-report.html
In July 2013, Delhi Police officer S B S Tyagi, then DCP New Delhi with mal-intent procured publication of an inaccurate news report about General Electric Company whistleblower Seema Sapra thereby violating Court orders directing the Police Commissioner to provide protection to Ms Sapra http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/02/in-july-2013-then-dcp-new-delhi-s-b-s.html
shards of glass intended to target Seema Sapra, General Electric whistle-blower in January 2012http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/shards-of-glass-intended-to-target.html
11 Dec 2015 Pics showing toe nail symptoms of ongoing chronic poisoning of General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/11-dec-2015-pics-showing-toe-nail.html
Pics showing that my car's tyres are being deliberately destroyed by acid or corrosive chemical - General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/pics-showing-that-my-cars-tyres-are.html
Pics dt 4 Dec 2015 showing that someone cut my car steering - General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/pics-dt-4-dec-2015-showing-that-someone.html
Video evidence of the two men following General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra on 9 March 2012 in Saket Select Citywalk Mall http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/02/video-evidence-of-two-men-following.html
pic of man targeting General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra on 9 September 2011 in Jangpura Extension http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/pic-of-man-targeting-general-electric.html
Car MAP sensor wire cut to target General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra - pics dated 14 March 2015 http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/02/car-map-sensor-wire-cut-to-target.html
pics dated 14 December 2015 showing another car tyre of General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra destroyed with acid or other corrosive chemical http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/02/pics-dated-14-december-2015-showing.html
pics dated 27 Aug 2014 showing car tyre of General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra destroyed with acid or other corrosive chemical http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/02/pics-dated-27-aug-2014-showing-car-tyre.html
Revealing exchange at Legally India website showing General Electric whistleblower lawyer Seema Sapra being targeted http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/revealing-exchange-at-legally-india.html
Shamnad Basheer targeting Seema Sapra, General Electric whistleblower in a malicious and underhand manner http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/shamnad-basheer-targeting-seema-sapra.html
Anonymous abusive, threatening & defamatory messages sent to General Electric whistleblower Seema Sapra through her blog http://gewhistleblower.blogspot.in/2016/01/anonymous-abusive-threatening.html
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